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Vaccination in Brazil

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Vaccination campaign in Passira, state of Pernambuco, in 2020

Vaccination in Brazil includes all the practice and social issues related to vaccines in Brazil.

The National Program for Immunization (Programa Nacional de Imunizações, or PNI) of the Unified Health System is the national government agency overseeing vaccination in Brazil.[1][2] Historically coverage has been high, reaching a national rate higher than 90%.[3][4][5]

Brazil has an established pool of scientists and doctors who are prepared to do vaccine research and development.[6] The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil had the effect of providing Brazil an opportunity to conduct some of the world's most important COVID-19 vaccine research.[6]

As of November 2021, Brazil has the lowest level of vaccine hesitancy in Latin America. Experts ascribe this to long-standing vaccination programs run by the public health system and to the inclusion of a vaccination requirement in social welfare programs. At the same time, vaccination coverage has been decreasing since 2011, mainly among rural families and people with low education.[7]

Routine vaccinations

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Vaccination coverage includes
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For children[9]
  1. BCG vaccine, Intradermal, at birth
  2. Hepatitis B vaccine, at birth, 1 and 6 months
  3. Pentavalent vaccine, DTP (whole cell pertussis component), HB, and Hib, administered at 2, 4, and 6 months, with a booster (DTP) at 15 months and 4 years.
  4. Polio vaccine (inactivated), at 2 and 4 months
  5. Polio vaccine (oral), at 6 and 15 months
  6. Rotavirus vaccine (monovalent oral human rotavirus vaccine) at 2 and 4 months
  7. Pneumococcal vaccine 10-valent conjugate vaccine d at 2, 4, 6, and 10 months
  8. Yellow fever vaccine at 9 months and booster every 10 years
  9. MMR vaccine at 12 months and 4 years
  10. Meningococcal vaccine at 3, 5, and 15 months
  11. Influenza vaccine, annually
  12. MMRV vaccine, after 1 year of age
  13. Hepatitis A vaccine, at 0 and 6 to 12 months

For adults:

Seasonal influenza vaccines are freely available once a year for those above 60 years of age, first responders, security personnel, postpartum women and to those with select health conditions. Adults also have access to the Hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV), and Yellow Fever vaccines.[2]

Economics

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Since 2008 there has been much more research in Brazil on the economic costs and benefits of vaccination programs.[10] A 2014 study found favorable benefits of the HPV vaccine in Brazil while also explaining that economically the consequences are not simple to explain.[11] A 2012 study considered the financial costs and health benefits of providing hepatitis A vaccines nationally to children in Brazil.[12]

Other issues

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A 2020 review of social research on vaccination in Latin America found that about half of the research papers were about Brazil.[13]

A review of meningococcal vaccine use in Brazil from 2005 to 2017 found that the vaccination program lowered the number of cases of the disease while also the number of deaths from the disease did not change much.[14]

In 2018 Brazil began a large campaign to provide about 70 million people with the yellow fever vaccine.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Temporão, José Gomes (2003). "O Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI): origens e desenvolvimento". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 10 (suppl 2): 601–617. doi:10.1590/S0104-59702003000500008.
  2. ^ a b Domingues, Carla Magda Allan Santos; Maranhão, Ana Goretti K.; Teixeira, Antonia Maria; Fantinato, Francieli F. S.; Domingues, Raissa A. S. (2020). "46 anos do Programa Nacional de Imunizações: uma história repleta de conquistas e desafios a serem superados". Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 36 (suppl 2): e00222919. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00222919. ISSN 1678-4464. PMID 33111749.
  3. ^ Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri (2018-11-29). "What is the importance of vaccine hesitancy in the drop of vaccination coverage in Brazil?". Revista de Saúde Pública. 52: 96. doi:10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052001199. ISSN 1518-8787. PMC 6284490. PMID 30517523.
  4. ^ Domingues, Carla Magda Allan S; Teixeira, Antônia Maria da Silva (2013). "Coberturas vacinais e doenças imunopreveníveis no Brasil no período 1982-2012: avanços e desafios do Programa Nacional de Imunizações" [Vaccination coverage and impact on vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil between 1982 and 2012: National Immunization Program progress and challenges]. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde. 22 (1): 9–27. doi:10.5123/s1679-49742013000100002. ISSN 1679-4974.
  5. ^ WHO, World Health Organization and UNICEF (2019). "Vaccination Surveillance Data-Brazil" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b Andreoni, Manuela; Londoño, Ernesto (15 August 2020). "Coronavirus Crisis Has Made Brazil an Ideal Vaccine Laboratory". The New York Times.
  7. ^ Sanches, Mariana (29 November 2021). "Brasil é país com menor rejeição à vacina na América Latina, diz Banco Mundial" [Brazil is the country with the lowest rejection to the COVID-19 vaccine in Latin America, says World Bank]. BBC Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  8. ^ Ho, Paulo Lee; Miyaji, Eliane Namie; Oliveira, Maria Leonor Sarno; Dias, Waldely de Oliveira; Kubrusly, Flavia Saldanha; Tanizaki, Martha Massako; Martins, Elizabeth Angélica Leme; Raw, Isaias (2011-11-29). "Economical Value of Vaccines for the Developing Countries—The Case of Instituto Butantan, a Public Institution in Brazil". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (11): e1300. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001300. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 3226538. PMID 22140586.
  9. ^ Domingues, Carla Maria Allan Santos; Teixeira, Antonia Maria; Carvalho, Sandra Maria Deotti (2018). Case Study: The Policy for the Introduction of New Vaccines in Brazil (PDF) (Report). Sabin Vaccine Institute.
  10. ^ Sartori, AMC; Rozman, LM; Decimoni, TC; Leandro, R; Novaes, HMD; de Soárez, PC (3 June 2017). "A systematic review of health economic evaluations of vaccines in Brazil". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 13 (6): 1454–1465. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1282588. PMC 5489277. PMID 28129026.
  11. ^ Fonseca, AJ; de Lima Ferreira, LC (2014). "Systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of the vaccination against HPV in Brazil". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 10 (12): 3484–90. doi:10.4161/hv.34410. PMC 4514073. PMID 25483692.
  12. ^ De Soárez, PC; Sartori, AM; Santos, A; Itria, A; Novaes, HM; Martelli, CM (February 2012). "Contributions from the systematic review of economic evaluations: the case of childhood hepatitis A vaccination in Brazil". Cadernos de Saude Publica. 28 (2): 211–28. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2012000200002. PMID 22334390.
  13. ^ Guzman-Holst, A; DeAntonio, R; Prado-Cohrs, D; Juliao, P (16 January 2020). "Barriers to vaccination in Latin America: A systematic literature review". Vaccine. 38 (3): 470–481. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.088. PMID 31767469.
  14. ^ Presa, JV; de Almeida, RS; Spinardi, JR; Cane, A (March 2019). "Epidemiological burden of meningococcal disease in Brazil: A systematic literature review and database analysis". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 80: 137–146. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.009. PMID 30641200.
  15. ^ "Brazil launches world's largest campaign with fractional-dose yellow fever vaccine". Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 25 January 2018.
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