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Vivian Lee

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For the Australian weightlifter, see Vivian Lee (weightlifter).
Vivian Lee
BornSeptember 1966 (age 58)
Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.
EducationHarvard University (BS, MD)
Balliol College, Oxford (MS, PhD)
New York University (MBA)
AwardsNational Academy of Medicine
Scientific career
FieldsRadiology
Health administration
Education
Author
Research

Vivian S. Lee (born September 1966) is an American radiologist and health care/health technology executive. An Executive Fellow at Harvard Business School and senior lecturer at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Lee is the author of the book, The Long Fix: Solving America's Health Care Crisis with Strategies That Work for Everyone (W.W. Norton, 2020). Lee is also a senior fellow at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)[1] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2019, she was named No. 11 in Modern Healthcare's 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare[2] and is a frequent speaker at national and international meetings on the applications of big data, AI, and technology in healthcare, leadership and managing change, health equity, and on climate change and health system resilience.

Raised in Norman, Oklahoma and trained in biomedical engineering and medicine, Lee established an NIH-funded research program in magnetic resonance imaging at NYU. She was elected Fellow of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM)[3] in 2006 and served as the president in 2008–2009. For her scientific discoveries, she was elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigation[4] and the National Academy of Medicine.[5]

From 2018-2022, she was founding President of Health Platforms at Verily (Alphabet), launching and growing a number of successful health technology companies. Among her leadership roles in academic medicine, Lee served as the CEO of University of Utah Health, dean of the University of Utah School of Medicine and senior vice-president for health sciences of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.[6] And before that as the inaugural chief scientific officer and vice dean for science at NYU Langone Medical Center. She is also a member of the scientific advisory boards of the Massachusetts General Hospital,[7] and previously served on the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Health Incentives & Behavioral Economics (CHIBE) External Advisory Board,[8] and on the Defense Health Board of the Department of Defense. She serves as Editor-at-Large for New England Journal of Medicine Catalyst.[9]

Lee has studied the management and improvement of health care, with an emphasis on data measurement and feedback to create learning health systems and her work has demonstrated the virtuous cycle of improved patient-centeredness, higher quality with better outcomes, and lower costs.

She is married to international legal scholar Benedict Kingsbury.[10] Lee also serves on the board of directors of the American Association of Rhodes Scholars and the Commonwealth Fund, and is also a director of Zions Bancorporation.

Education and training

[edit]

A U.S. Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar, Lee graduated from Norman High School, in Norman, Oklahoma in 1983.

Lee graduated from Radcliffe College of Harvard University magna cum laude in 1986 before receiving a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford where she received a doctorate in medical engineering.[11] She then earned an M.D. with honors from Harvard Medical School and subsequently completed a residency in diagnostic radiology at Duke University[11] and a fellowship in MRI at NYU Medical Center.

In 2006, she completed a Master of Business Administration degree at NYU's Stern School of Business, graduating as valedictorian. She later delivered the commencement speech for the class of 2017.[12]

Research in MRI

[edit]

Funded initially while an MRI fellow and subsequently by the NIH, Lee's initial work developed methods to measure kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and perfusion, noninvasively using ultra-low dose gadolinium-contrast enhanced MRI.[13][14] These techniques were applied to the improved diagnosis of renovascular disease,[15] renal transplant dysfunction,[16] and renal function in cirrhosis.[17] Extensions of this work include the use of MR methods to measure tissue hypoxia[18] and tubular function.[19]

While a part of the NYU MRI research team, Lee contributed to multiple advances in clinical body MRI, including pioneering 3D (volumetric) liver imaging for routine clinical care and for improved detection of hepatocellular carcinoma,[20] improved methods for assessing vascular disease with 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography[21] and venography,[22] and improved surgical planning for living related transplant donor planning in liver and kidney transplantation.[23][24]

As the director of Cardiothoracic MR imaging at NYU, Lee developed new MR methods for fast cardiac imaging[25] and for improved detection of myocardial infarcts.[26] Subsequently, Lee's NIH funded research focused on the development of non-contrast-enhanced methods for vascular MR imaging, and functional calf muscle studies that assess exercise-induced "stress-rest" performance in patients with suspected peripheral vascular disease.[27][28][29]

A popular lecturer who has received multiple teaching awards, Lee authored a textbook entitled Cardiovascular MRI: Physical Principles to Practical Protocols (Lippincott 2006).

Administrative and leadership roles

[edit]

NYU Langone Medical Center

[edit]

During her 5-year tenure as vice-chair for research in radiology, Lee helped build a research administrative infrastructure that enabled the department, previously unranked in NIH research funding, to reach the top 20.[30] During that time, NYU Langone was also the first U.S. site to install a whole body 7 Tesla MRI scanner.[31]

In 2007, Lee became the inaugural vice dean for science, chief scientific officer and senior vice-president, serving as a member of NYU's executive leadership team. Initiatives as chief scientific officer included establishing a new philanthropically-funded Neurosciences Institute[32] and a new NIH-funded Center for Translational Science Institute (CTSI),[33] upgrading core facilities, educational initiatives in grantsmanship, and establishment of a new Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics[34] and a new department of statistics and epidemiology. During her four-year tenure, NYU's ranking among NIH-funded schools of medicine increased from No. 36 to No. 26, and continued to rise thereafter.[30]

International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM)

[edit]

While at NYU, Lee held a number of leadership positions in the ISMRM, the preeminent professional organization of clinical and research MR scientists. She served on the board of trustees from 2002 to 2010, president 2008–2009, and as Scientific Program Chair for 2005 Annual ISMRM meeting. During her tenure, the ISMRM increased financial reserves, enhanced clinician membership and supported sustainability efforts through new "virtual" meetings.

University of Utah

[edit]

From 2011 to 2017, Lee served as senior vice-president for health sciences, dean of the school of medicine, and the CEO of University of Utah Health. Lee was responsible for an academic health sciences complex that includes five major schools (School of Medicine, School of Dentistry, and Colleges of Nursing, Pharmacy and Health) and a health care system comprising four hospitals, dozens of clinical and research specialty centers, a network of 12 Salt Lake City-area health centers, a regional affiliate network of 19 partner facilities, a health plan, and over 1,400 board-certified physicians. Under her leadership, the University of Utah established a new School of Dentistry, the first new academic dental school in the nation in over 25 years, graduating its first class in 2017.[35]

Lee led University of Utah Health to recognition for its health care delivery system innovations[36] that enable higher quality at lower costs[37][38][39] and with higher patient satisfaction,[40][41][42][43] as well as successful strategies of faculty development and mentorship.[44][45] In 2012, the University of Utah become the first health system in the country to post patient reviews online.[46]

In 2016, University of Utah was ranked first among university hospitals in quality and safety,[47] with NYU Langone and Mayo Clinic rounding out the top three. That year marked the 7th consecutive year that the University of Utah was ranked in the top 10 in quality in the nation. The university's health insurance plan acquired a commercial license, grew five-fold, and was successful in the individual exchange. Improved financial performance of the clinical enterprise enabled increased support and growth of education, research, and community service initiatives.

As dean, Lee led the significant expansion of the school of medicine class size from 82 to 125 students per year with increased ongoing state funding.[48] A number of significant philanthropic commitments were made during her tenure, including the establishment of a new Rehabilitation Hospital,[49] funding for a number of research initiatives including the Utah Genome Project,[50] the Center for Medical Innovation,[51] and Driving Out Diabetes: A Larry H. Miller Family Foundation Wellness Initiative,[52] as well as both private and state funding for a new School of Medicine building.[53] During her tenure, the University of Utah's health sciences budget grew 50 percent to over $3.5 billion.

Huntsman Cancer Institute controversy

[edit]

Lee became embroiled in a public controversy when University leadership fired Huntsman Cancer Institute CEO, Mary Beckerle, on April 17, 2017. Lee and university leadership were publicly criticized for the move by HCI's founder and prime benefactor, billionaire philanthropist Jon Huntsman, Sr.[54] The decision prompted public protests by University of Utah faculty and staff,[55] including an online petition calling for University leadership to reverse the decision and reinstate Beckerle.[56] Jon Huntsman, Sr., publicly called for Lee and University President David W. Pershing to be fired from their leadership positions on April 21, 2017,[57][58] questioning their ethics and predicting that the governor and state legislature would become involved to ensure their removal.[59] On April 22, 2017, the Editorial Board of the Salt Lake Tribune (a newspaper owned by a member of the Huntsman family) called for Lee's removal as the "only remedy in this case."[60] The University Board of Trustees met with Pershing and Lee on April 25, 2017.[61] Within hours after the meeting, Pershing released a written statement announcing that Beckerle was immediately resuming her service as CEO and Director of Huntsman Cancer Institute and would report directly to the President of the University.[62][63][64] Pershing's announcement signaled that Lee would no longer oversee the Huntsman Cancer Institute, raising questions about the future direction of the University Health system.[65]

Huntsman stated that a planned donation of $250M dollars would have been withheld unless the university's decision was reversed and Beckerle reinstated. On 28 April, Lee announced via email that, effective the same day, she was stepping down as the university's senior vice president for health sciences, dean of the medical school, and CEO of the healthcare system.[66][67]

After her resignation, local reporters at the Deseret News discovered more details about the dispute over finances with Huntsman Cancer Institute, including demands for substantial increases in financial transfers from the University to the Huntsman Cancer Institute. [68]

Verily Health Platforms

[edit]

From 2018 to 2022, Lee served as President of Health Platforms at Verily, an Alphabet company. As the founding leader of health platforms, she helped to launch and grow several new successful businesses in areas of digital health, precision risk insurance, healthcare analytics, mental and behavioral health, and pandemic management, with substantial year-over-year growth during her tenure. She announced her departure at the end of 2022 to move to Harvard University to focus on the intersection of tech, climate change and health care, with the aim of building more resilient systems for the future.

Awards and recognition

[edit]

In her academic career Lee was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford, and was recognized as one of Crain's "40 Under 40." In 2009, she received the Chang-Lin Tien Leadership award.[69] She was elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigation in 2015 and to the National Academy of Medicine in October 2015.[70] In 2019 she received the gold medal, the highest award from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Modern Healthcare listed her among the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare, ranking her at No. 11.

References

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  1. ^ "About IHI". Ihi.org. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  2. ^ "100 Most Influential People in Healthcare – 2019". Modern Healthcare. February 6, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  3. ^ "Vivian Lee, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A." Ismrm.org. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  4. ^ [1] [dead link]
  5. ^ "High Honor for the U of U Medical School's Vivian S. Lee, Mario R. Capecchi: Election to the National Academy of Medicine – University of Utah Health". Healthcare.utah.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  6. ^ "Vivian S. Lee, MD, PhD, MBA" Archived December 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, Retrieved on March 14, 2017.
  7. ^ "Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts – Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA". Massgeneral.org. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  8. ^ "External Advisory Board". Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  9. ^ "Editors and Publishers | About NEJM Catalyst". catalyst.nejm.org. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  10. ^ "Benedict Kingsbury – Overview – NYU School of Law". its.law.nyu.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Maffly, Brian. "University of Utah's new health science chief has high hopes for flagship's future", The Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City, UT, January 2, 2012. Retrieved on March 14, 2017.
  12. ^ "Tales in Possible : Celebrate Possible 2017 Executive MBA Graduation Ceremony". Stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  13. ^ Lee, VS; Rusinek, H; Johnson, G; Rofsky, NM; Krinsky, GA; Weinreb, JC (2001). "MR renography with low-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine: feasibility". Radiology. 221 (2): 371–379. doi:10.1148/radiol.2212010142. PMID 11687678.
  14. ^ Lee, VS; Rusinek, H; Noz, M; Lee, P; Raghavan, M; Kramer, EL (2003). "Dynamic three-dimensional MR renography for the measurement of single kidney function—Initial experience". Radiology. 227 (1): 289–294. doi:10.1148/radiol.2271020383. PMID 12615998. S2CID 5153542.
  15. ^ Zhang, JL; Rusinek, H; Bokacheva, L; Lim, RP; Chen, Q; Storey, P; Prince, K; Hecht, EM; Kim, DC; Lee, VS (2009). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-enhanced MR renography: repeated measures of GFR and RPF in hypertensive patients". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 296 (4): F884-91. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90648.2008. PMC 2670643. PMID 19158343.
  16. ^ Yamamoto, A; Zhang, JL; Rusinek, H; Chandarana, H; Babb, J; Diflo, T; John, D; Benstein, J; Barisoni, L; Vivier, PH; Stoffel, D; Lee, VS (2011). "Quantitative evaluation of acute renal transplant dysfunction with low-dose 3D MR renography". Radiology. 260 (3): 781–9. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101664. PMC 3157004. PMID 21771953.
  17. ^ Vivier, PH; Storey, P; Rusinek, H; Zhang, JL; Yamamoto, A; Tantillo, K; Khan, U; Lim, RP; Babb, JS; John, D; Teperman, LW; Chandarana, H; Friedman, K; Benstein, JA; Skolnik, EY; Lee, VS (2011). "Kidney function: Glomerular filtration rate measurement with MR renography in patients with cirrhosis". Radiology. 259 (2): 462–70. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101338. PMC 6939953. PMID 21386050.
  18. ^ Zhang, Jeff L.; Morrell, Glen; Rusinek, Henry; Warner, Lizette; Vivier, Pierre-Hugues; Cheung, Alfred K.; Lerman, Lilach O.; Lee, Vivian S. (2014). "Measurement of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent MRI and oxygen transit modeling". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 306 (6): F579–F587. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2013. PMC 3949039. PMID 24452640.
  19. ^ Lee, VS; Rusinek, H; Bokacheva, L; Huang, AJ; Oesingmann, N; Chen, Q; Kaur, M; Prince, K; Song, T; Kramer, EL; Leonard, EF (2007). "Renal function measurements from MR renography and a multicompartmental model". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
  20. ^ Krinsky, GA; Lee, VS; Theise, ND; Weinreb, JC; Rofsky, NM; Diflo, T; Teperman, LW (2001). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and transplant correlation". Radiology. 219 (2): 445–454. doi:10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma40445. PMID 11323471.
  21. ^ Pandharipande, PV; Lee, VS; Reuss, PM; Charles, HW; Rosen, RJ; Rofsky, NM (2002). "Two-station bolus-chase MR angiography with a stationary table: A simple alternative to automated-table techniques". American Journal of Roentgenology. 179 (6): 1583–1589. doi:10.2214/ajr.179.6.1791583. PMID 12438059.
  22. ^ Shinde TS, Lee VS, Rofsky NM, Krinsky GA, Weinreb JC. Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR venographic evaluation of central veins in the thorax: Initial experience Radiology 1999; 213:555–560.
  23. ^ Lee, VS; Krinsky, GA; Nazzaro, CA; Chang, JS; Babb, JS; Lin, JC; Morgan, GR; Teperman, LW (2004). "Defining intrahepatic biliary anatomy in living liver transplant donor candidates at mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR cholangiography versus conventional T2-weighted MR cholangiography". Radiology. 233 (3): 659–666. doi:10.1148/radiol.2333031977. PMID 15516606.
  24. ^ Israel, GM; Lee, VS; Edye, M; Krinsky, GA; Lavelle, MT; Diflo, T; Weinreb, JC (2002). "Comprehensive MR imaging evaluation of living donor candidates of laparoscopic nephrectomy: Initial experience". Radiology. 225 (2): 427–432. doi:10.1148/radiol.2252011671. PMID 12409576.
  25. ^ Lee, VS; Resnick, D; Bundy, JM; Simonetti, OP; Lee, P; Weinreb, JC (2002). "Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession". Radiology. 222 (3): 835–842. doi:10.1148/radiol.2223011156. PMID 11867810.
  26. ^ Lee, VS; Resnick, D; Tiu, SS; Sanger, JJ; Nazzaro, CA; Israel, GM; Simonetti, OP (2004). "MR imaging evaluation of myocardial viability in the setting of equivocal SPECT results with 99mTc sestamibi". Radiology. 230 (1): 191–197. doi:10.1148/radiol.2301030070. PMID 14617765.
  27. ^ Miyazaki, M; Lee, VS (2008). "Non-enhanced MR angiography: State-of-the-Art". Radiology. 248 (1): 20–43. doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071497. PMID 18566168.
  28. ^ Lim, RP; Fan, Z; Chatterji, M; Baadh, A; Atanasova, IP; Storey, P; Kim, DC; Kim, S; Hodnett, PA; Ahmad, A; Stoffel, DR; Babb, JS; Adelman, MA; Xu, J; Li, D (2013). "Lee VS. Comparison of non-contrast-enhanced MRA subtraction techniques for the infragenual arteries at 1.5 T: A Preliminary Study". Radiology. 267 (1): 293–304. doi:10.1148/radiol.12120859. PMC 3606542. PMID 23297320.
  29. ^ Storey, P; Otazo, R; Lim, RP; Kim, S; Fleysher, L; Oesingmann, N; Lee, VS; Sodickson, DK (2012). "Exploiting sparsity to accelerate noncontrast MR angiography in the context of parallel imaging". Magn Reson Med. 67 (5): 1391–1400. doi:10.1002/mrm.23132. PMC 3291797. PMID 22081482.
  30. ^ a b "Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research". brimr.org. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  31. ^ "Siemens 7 Tesla Whole Body MRI : Radiology". Med.nyu.edu. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  32. ^ "NYU Langone Medical Center Receives $100 Million Gift to Establish Neuroscience Institute". nyulangone.org. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  33. ^ "$29.4M Grant Establishes Clinical And Translational Science Institute At NYU In Partnership With NYC Health And Hospitals". Bioprocessonline.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  34. ^ "Re:Search Report 2008" (PDF). Nyulangone.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  35. ^ Leonard, Wendy (April 8, 2015). "Utah's first academic dental school is up and running". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  36. ^ "Home – Algorithms for Innovation". uofuhealth.utah.edu. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  37. ^ Lee, Vivian S.; Kawamoto, Kensaku; Hess, Rachel; Park, Charlton; Young, Jeffrey; Hunter, Cheri; Johnson, Steven; Gulbransen, Sandi; Pelt, Christopher E. (September 13, 2016). "Implementation of a Value-Driven Outcomes Program to Identify High Variability in Clinical Costs and Outcomes and Association With Reduced Cost and Improved Quality". JAMA. 316 (10): 1061–72. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12226. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 27623461.
  38. ^ Porter, Michael E.; Lee, Thomas H. (September 13, 2016). "From Volume to Value in Health Care". JAMA. 316 (10): 1047–8. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11698. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 27623459.
  39. ^ Kolata, Gina (September 7, 2015). "What Are a Hospital's Costs? Utah System Is Trying to Learn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  40. ^ "Doctors Strive to Do Less Harm by Inattentive Care". The New York Times. February 17, 2015. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  41. ^ "Online Reviews Could Help Fix Medicine". Harvard Business Review. June 3, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  42. ^ "Engaging Doctors in the Health Care Revolution". Harvard Business Review. June 1, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  43. ^ Lee, Vivian (January 19, 2017). "Transparency and Trust — Online Patient Reviews of Physicians". New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (3): 197–199. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1610136. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 28099823.
  44. ^ Byington C, Keenan H, Phillips JD, Childs R, Wachs E, Berzins MA, Clark K, Torres MK, Abramson J, Lee VS, Clark EB. A matrix mentoring model effectively supports clinical and translational scientists and increases inclusion in biomedical research. Acad Med. 2016; 91(4):497–502.
  45. ^ Byington, CL; Lee, VS (2015). "Addressing disparities in academic medicine moving forward". JAMA. 314 (11): 1139–1141. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10664. PMID 26372582.
  46. ^ Lee, Thomas H. (June 3, 2014). "Online Reviews Could Help Fix Medicine". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  47. ^ "Vizient, Inc. Presents the Bernard A. Birnbaum, MD, Quality Leadership Award to 27 Top-performing Academic Medical Centers and Community Hospitals". newsroom.vizientinc.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  48. ^ "First expanded class of medical students welcomed to U of U". KSL.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  49. ^ Stilson, Ashley (November 1, 2017). "U. health officials celebrate new rehabilitation center". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  50. ^ Zhang, Sarah. "What Mormon Family Trees Tell Us About Cancer". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  51. ^ Innovation, University of Utah, Center for Medical. "University of Utah Center for Medical Innovation's Bench to Bedside Program Completes 7th Year with Presentation of 39 New Medical Technologies". Prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved April 19, 2018.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ "Miller Family donates $5.3M to UofU Hospital to fight diabetes". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  53. ^ Cortez, Marjorie (January 22, 2017). "2017 Legislature preview: New U. med school, funds for growth top higher education needs, officials say". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
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  59. ^ "Conversation with Cancer Letter". Cancerletter.com. Retrieved April 22, 2017.(subscription required)
  60. ^ "Tribune Editorial: It is time for new leadership at the University of Utah and its Health Sciences colleges". Sltrib.com. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  61. ^ "University Shifts Course, Reinstating Head Of Huntsman Cancer Institute". Kuer.org. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  62. ^ "Cancer institute reinstates director after uproar from staff and funder". Sciencemag.org. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  63. ^ "After a Week of Protest, U. of Utah Cancer Researcher Is Reinstated". Chronicle.com. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  64. ^ "After protests, a fired cancer center director gets her job back". Statnews.com. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  65. ^ "What now? Rift exposes tensions in University of Utah health care system". Deseretnews.com. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  66. ^ "U. Health Care CEO Vivian Lee resigns after cancer institute controversy". Sltrib.com. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  67. ^ "Dr. Vivian Lee resigns post at University of Utah - KSL.com". Ksl.com. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  68. ^ "The inside story: Power and money at center of U. controversy". Deseretnews.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  69. ^ Education Leadership Award, Chang-Lin Tien. "Vivian Lee". Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  70. ^ "NAM Elects 80 New Members", National Academy of Medicine, October 19, 2015. Retrieved on March 14, 2017.
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