Xenohyla truncata
| Izecksohn's Brazilian tree frog | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | Xenohyla |
| Species: | X. truncata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xenohyla truncata (Izecksohn, 1998)
| |
| |
Extant (resident)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Xenohyla truncata, the Izecksohn's Brazilian treefrog, is a species of frugivorous tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[1][2][3]
The range of this frog ranges from the southern border of Espírito Santo down to Ilha da Marambaia, inhabiting mostly restingas near the coast and on some islands.[4] They shelter inside bromeliads such as Neoregelia cruenta during the day and breed in temporary pools. When disturbed, this tree frog will tilt its head down, outstretch its legs, and puff up. This posture breaks up the frogs outline and makes it appear larger.[5] These tree frogs are listed as near threatened because they are restricted to an area of less than 20,000 square kilometres and because human development modifies or destroys their restinga habitats.[1] As a juvenile, Xenohyla truncata has white stripes down the sides of its body but they disappear at maturity, leaving the adult frog a uniform brown or orange.
This species of frog is unique in that it is the only known frugivorous frog in the world. This frog will eat various types of plants, including Anthurium harrisii, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, and Maytenus obtusifolia.[3] Inside the stomach contents of Xenohyla truncata were found many different types of arthropods, fruits, seeds, pods, pulp and flowers.[6] The amount of plant material eaten by the frog likely depends on the blooming and fruiting periods of the plants, with various types of arthropods eaten instead when plants are unavailable. The frog will locate the fruit and simply snap at it, swallowing it whole.[3] The frog has been found to defecate viable seeds and likely helps in the spread of the plants it consumes.[3]
The plants Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Maytenus obtusifolia both contain toxic alkaloids and terpenes,[7][8] and Xenohyla truncata has been found to excrete from its skin the chemical compound N-phenyl-acetamide, which is capable of causing liver and kidney damage in vertebrates.[9] Several of the arthropods consumed by the frog have been found to inhabit bromeliads. These arthropods are cockroach larvae, dragonfly larvae, and crab spiders. This suggests that the bromeliads not only provide cover during the day, but also a food source.[6] Sand has also been found in the digestive tract, meaning that the frog forages on the ground.
Pollination
[edit]This is the first amphibian to have been observed pollinating plants, Cordia taguahyensis (Boraginaceae) and Iris x germanica (Iridaceae).[10][11][12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group; Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna (2023). "Xenohyla truncata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 3.1. 2023: e.T56053A172215995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T56053A172215995.en. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Xenohyla truncata (Izecksohn, 1959)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d da Silva, Helio R.; de Britto-Pereira, Mônica C. & Caramaschi, Ulisses (1989). "Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Hyla truncata, a Neotropical Treefrog". Copeia. 1989 (3): 781–783. doi:10.2307/1445517. JSTOR 1445517.
- ^ Bittencourt-Silva, Gabriela Bueno & Silva, Hélio Ricardo da (April 2013). "Insular Anurans (Amphibia: Anura) of the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast, Brazil". Check List. 9 (2): 225–234. doi:10.15560/9.2.225 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Napoli, Marcelo (January 2001). "Xenohyla truncata (NCN). Antipredator behavior". Herpetological Review. 32: 36–37 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ a b da Silva, H. R. & de Britto-Pereira, M. C. (2006). "How much fruit do fruit-eating frogs eat? An investigation on the diet of Xenohyla truncata (Lissamphibia: Anura: Hylidae)". Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 692–698. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00192.x.
- ^ Zuanazzi, José Angelo S.; Tremea, Valéria; Limberger, Renata P.; Sobral, Marcos & Henriques, Amélia T. (2001). "Alkaloids of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) species from Southern Brazil". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29 (8): 819–825. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00022-9. PMID 11412954.
- ^ Alves, Josinete S.; Castro, Janiza C. M. de; Freire, Maisa O.; da-Cunha, Emidio V. Leitão; Barbosa-Filho, José Maria & Silva, Marcelo Sobral de (2000). "Complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of four triterpenes of the ursane, artane, lupane and friedelane groups". Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 38 (3): 201–206. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(200003)38:3<201::AID-MRC622>3.0.CO;2-0. S2CID 95006488.
- ^ De Carvalho, Mário Geraldo; Freire, Ronald Bastos; Vianna, Felipe Baggio & Cornelius, Marli Terezinha Frana (January 2008). "Acetanilide as the only constituent in skin secretion of Xenohyla truncata Izecksohn, 1959 (1998) and its biological significance". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (1): 71–73. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2007.05.016 – via KUNDOC.
- ^ Roth, Annie. "This Brazilian frog might be the first pollinating amphibian known to science". www.science.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ de-Oliveira-Nogueira, Carlos Henrique; Souza, Ubiratã Ferreira; Machado, Thaynara Mendes; Figueiredo-de-Andrade, Caio Antônio; Mônico, Alexander Tamanini; Sazima, Ivan; Sazima, Marlies; Toledo, Luís Felipe (2023-06-01). "Between fruits, flowers and nectar: The extraordinary diet of the frog Xenohyla truncata". Food Webs. 35: e00281. doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00281. ISSN 2352-2496. S2CID 257817555.
- ^ Annie Roth (May 1, 2023). "This Brazilian frog might be the first pollinating amphibian known to science". Science. Retrieved November 25, 2023.